Architect a fault-tolerant Authentication Engine
Last updated: December 2, 2025
Quick Overview
Design a fault-tolerant authentication system that handles millions of requests. Discuss trade-offs in consistency, availability, and performance.
Cockroach Labs
December 2, 20256
14
3,691 solved
Design a fault-tolerant authentication system that handles millions of requests. Discuss trade-offs in consistency, availability, and performance.
System design interviews at Cockroach Labs typically last 45-60 minutes. You are expected to drive the conversation, starting from requirements gathering through to a detailed architecture. The interviewer will evaluate your ability to handle ambiguity and make practical engineering decisions.
What the Interviewer Expects
- Drive the design discussion proactively with minimal interviewer guidance
- Perform detailed capacity estimation and use it to inform design decisions
- Design for global scale with multi-region deployment and data consistency
- Deep dive into 2-3 critical components with implementation-level detail
- Address complex trade-offs: CAP theorem, eventual consistency, conflict resolution
- Discuss operational excellence: deployment strategy, chaos engineering, SLOs/SLIs
- Propose a phased rollout plan from MVP to full-scale system
Key Topics to Cover
How to Approach This
- Start by clarifying functional and non-functional requirements with the interviewer.
- Estimate the scale: QPS, storage, bandwidth. This drives your design decisions.
- Draw a high-level architecture first, then deep dive into 1-2 critical components.
- Discuss trade-offs explicitly (e.g., consistency vs availability, SQL vs NoSQL).
- Address failure scenarios, monitoring, and how the system handles 10x traffic spikes.
Possible Follow-up Questions
- How do you ensure data consistency across multiple services?
- How would you optimize costs as the system scales?
- What monitoring and alerting would you set up on day one?
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Requirements
- Functional Requirements:
- User authentication via username/password and multi-factor authentication (MFA).
- Support for OAuth2.0 and social logins (e.g., Google, Facebook).
- Session man...
Capacity Estimation
To estimate capacity for the authentication engine:
- Daily Requests: 10 million requests/day.
- Peak Load: Assuming peak traffic occurs during business hours:
- 10 million requests / 12 ho...
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