Architect a multi-tenant Messaging Engine
Last updated: August 13, 2025
Quick Overview
Design a multi-tenant messaging system that handles millions of requests. Discuss trade-offs in consistency, availability, and performance.
Waymo
August 13, 20256
12
3,620 solved
Design a multi-tenant messaging system that handles millions of requests. Discuss trade-offs in consistency, availability, and performance.
This is a common system design question asked during Technical Screen at Waymo. The interviewer expects you to demonstrate your ability to design large-scale distributed systems, make well-reasoned trade-offs, and communicate your thought process clearly. Waymo values engineers who can think about scalability from day one.
What the Interviewer Expects
- Systematically gather requirements and estimate capacity (QPS, storage, bandwidth)
- Design a scalable architecture with clear component responsibilities
- Make well-reasoned database and caching decisions with trade-off analysis
- Address consistency vs availability trade-offs specific to the use case
- Discuss partitioning strategy, replication, and data modeling
- Cover failure handling, monitoring, and alerting strategies
Key Topics to Cover
How to Approach This
- Start by clarifying functional and non-functional requirements with the interviewer.
- Estimate the scale: QPS, storage, bandwidth. This drives your design decisions.
- Draw a high-level architecture first, then deep dive into 1-2 critical components.
- Discuss trade-offs explicitly (e.g., consistency vs availability, SQL vs NoSQL).
- Address failure scenarios, monitoring, and how the system handles 10x traffic spikes.
Possible Follow-up Questions
- How would you handle a region-wide outage?
- What happens if one of your database nodes goes down?
- What monitoring and alerting would you set up on day one?
- What would the deployment pipeline look like for this system?
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Requirements
- Functional Requirements:
- Multi-Tenancy: The system must support multiple tenants with isolated message spaces.
- Message Types: Support for various message types (text, multi...
Capacity Estimation
- User Estimation: Assume 1 million active tenants, each with 100 active users.
- Request Estimation: Each user sends an average of 10 messages per day.
- Total Messages per Day: 1M te...
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