Build a scalable Logging Pipeline
Last updated: May 21, 2026
Quick Overview
Design a scalable logging system that handles millions of requests. Discuss trade-offs in consistency, availability, and performance.
HRT
System Design
Software Engineer
HRT
May 21, 2026Software Engineer
Technical Screen
System Design
Hard
55
12
2,250 solved
Design a scalable logging system that handles millions of requests. Discuss trade-offs in consistency, availability, and performance.
System design interviews at HRT typically last 45-60 minutes. You are expected to drive the conversation, starting from requirements gathering through to a detailed architecture. The interviewer will evaluate your ability to handle ambiguity and make practical engineering decisions.
What the Interviewer Expects
- Drive the design discussion proactively with minimal interviewer guidance
- Perform detailed capacity estimation and use it to inform design decisions
- Design for global scale with multi-region deployment and data consistency
- Deep dive into 2-3 critical components with implementation-level detail
- Address complex trade-offs: CAP theorem, eventual consistency, conflict resolution
- Discuss operational excellence: deployment strategy, chaos engineering, SLOs/SLIs
- Propose a phased rollout plan from MVP to full-scale system
Key Topics to Cover
Database selection and data modeling
Message queues and async processing
Load balancing and horizontal scaling
Consistency models and replication
How to Approach This
- Start by clarifying functional and non-functional requirements with the interviewer.
- Estimate the scale: QPS, storage, bandwidth. This drives your design decisions.
- Draw a high-level architecture first, then deep dive into 1-2 critical components.
- Discuss trade-offs explicitly (e.g., consistency vs availability, SQL vs NoSQL).
- Address failure scenarios, monitoring, and how the system handles 10x traffic spikes.
Possible Follow-up Questions
- How would you migrate from a monolithic to a microservices architecture?
- How would you optimize costs as the system scales?
- How would you handle a 10x increase in traffic overnight?
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Requirements
Functional Requirements
- Log Ingestion: The system should accept logs from various sources (web servers, microservices, etc.) in real-time.
- Log Storage: Logs should be stored in a sea...
Capacity Estimation
Back-of-Envelope Calculations
- Log Generation Rate: Assume 10 million logs per minute from various services.
- Size of Log Entry: Average size of a log entry is 1 KB.
- **Total Logs pe...
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