Calculate expected value for coin flips
Last updated: October 9, 2025
Quick Overview
Given the following scenario about user conversion, calculate the the p-value.
Two Sigma
October 9, 20253
3
2,128 solved
Given the following scenario about user conversion, calculate the the p-value.
This analytics question from Two Sigma's Phone Screen tests your ability to think critically about data. The interviewer expects you to consider confounding variables, selection bias, and the difference between correlation and causation.
What the Interviewer Expects
- Design a rigorous experiment with proper randomization and sample size calculation
- Define primary and guardrail metrics with clear rationale
- Address novelty effects, network effects, and interference
- Segment results appropriately and identify heterogeneous treatment effects
- Propose follow-up analyses when results are ambiguous
Key Topics to Cover
How to Approach This
- Define success metrics carefully. A good metric is measurable, actionable, and aligned with business goals.
- Run experiments long enough to account for novelty effects and weekly seasonality.
- Use funnel analysis to identify where users drop off for maximum optimization impact.
- Segment results by key dimensions (platform, country, user cohort) to catch hidden patterns.
- Consider network effects and interference between treatment and control groups.
Possible Follow-up Questions
- How would you handle interference between treatment and control?
- How would you handle seasonality in your experiment?
- How would you handle an experiment where the control and treatment groups are different sizes?
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