Design a real-time Video Streaming System
Last updated: November 3, 2025
Quick Overview
Design a real-time video streaming system that handles millions of requests. Discuss trade-offs in consistency, availability, and performance.
Twilio
November 3, 202516
13
284 solved
Design a real-time video streaming system that handles millions of requests. Discuss trade-offs in consistency, availability, and performance.
This is a common system design question asked during Technical Screen at Twilio. The interviewer expects you to demonstrate your ability to design large-scale distributed systems, make well-reasoned trade-offs, and communicate your thought process clearly. Twilio values engineers who can think about scalability from day one.
What the Interviewer Expects
- Systematically gather requirements and estimate capacity (QPS, storage, bandwidth)
- Design a scalable architecture with clear component responsibilities
- Make well-reasoned database and caching decisions with trade-off analysis
- Address consistency vs availability trade-offs specific to the use case
- Discuss partitioning strategy, replication, and data modeling
- Cover failure handling, monitoring, and alerting strategies
Key Topics to Cover
How to Approach This
- Start by clarifying functional and non-functional requirements with the interviewer.
- Estimate the scale: QPS, storage, bandwidth. This drives your design decisions.
- Draw a high-level architecture first, then deep dive into 1-2 critical components.
- Discuss trade-offs explicitly (e.g., consistency vs availability, SQL vs NoSQL).
- Address failure scenarios, monitoring, and how the system handles 10x traffic spikes.
Possible Follow-up Questions
- What happens if one of your database nodes goes down?
- How do you ensure data consistency across multiple services?
- How would you handle a region-wide outage?
- What monitoring and alerting would you set up on day one?
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Requirements
Functional Requirements
- User Authentication: Users must be able to log in and access their video streams securely.
- Real-Time Video Streaming: The system must support live video strea...
Capacity Estimation
- User Base: Assume 10 million active users with peak usage of 1 million concurrent streams.
- Requests Per Second (QPS): Each user can generate approximately 5 requests per second during st...
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