Design Email Infrastructure for mobile apps
Last updated: November 23, 2025
Quick Overview
Design a geo-distributed email system that handles millions of requests. Discuss trade-offs in consistency, availability, and performance.
Figma
November 23, 20254
8
4,804 solved
Design a geo-distributed email system that handles millions of requests. Discuss trade-offs in consistency, availability, and performance.
Figma asks this during the Onsite to assess your architectural thinking. They want to see how you decompose a complex problem, choose appropriate technologies, and reason about failure modes. Strong candidates proactively discuss monitoring, alerting, and operational concerns.
What the Interviewer Expects
- Drive the design discussion proactively with minimal interviewer guidance
- Perform detailed capacity estimation and use it to inform design decisions
- Design for global scale with multi-region deployment and data consistency
- Deep dive into 2-3 critical components with implementation-level detail
- Address complex trade-offs: CAP theorem, eventual consistency, conflict resolution
- Discuss operational excellence: deployment strategy, chaos engineering, SLOs/SLIs
- Propose a phased rollout plan from MVP to full-scale system
Key Topics to Cover
How to Approach This
- Start by clarifying functional and non-functional requirements with the interviewer.
- Estimate the scale: QPS, storage, bandwidth. This drives your design decisions.
- Draw a high-level architecture first, then deep dive into 1-2 critical components.
- Discuss trade-offs explicitly (e.g., consistency vs availability, SQL vs NoSQL).
- Address failure scenarios, monitoring, and how the system handles 10x traffic spikes.
Possible Follow-up Questions
- How would you implement rate limiting to protect the system?
- What would the deployment pipeline look like for this system?
- How would you handle schema migrations with zero downtime?
- How would you handle a 10x increase in traffic overnight?
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Requirements
Functional Requirements:
- Email Sending: Users must be able to send emails from the Figma mobile app to other users, with support for attachments.
- Email Receiving: Users should receiv...
Capacity Estimation
Assuming Figma has around 10 million active users:
- Daily Active Users (DAU): 10 million
- Average Emails Sent per User per Day: 2 emails
- Total Emails per Day: 10 million users * 2 emai...
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