Design a fault-tolerant Messaging System

Last updated: August 25, 2025

Quick Overview

Design a fault-tolerant messaging system handling millions of requests. Discuss consistency, availability, and performance trade-offs.

Walmart
System Design
Software Engineer
Walmart
August 25, 2025
Software Engineer
System Design Round
System Design
Medium

752

5

4,454 solved


Design a fault-tolerant messaging system handling millions of requests. Discuss consistency, availability, and performance trade-offs.

How to Approach This
  1. Start by clarifying functional and non-functional requirements with the interviewer.
  2. Estimate the scale: QPS, storage, bandwidth. This drives your design decisions.
  3. Draw a high-level architecture first, then deep dive into 1-2 critical components.
  4. Discuss trade-offs explicitly (e.g., consistency vs availability, SQL vs NoSQL).
  5. Address failure scenarios, monitoring, and how the system handles 10x traffic spikes.
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Sample Answer
Requirements

Functional Requirements:

  1. Message Sending: Users must be able to send messages in real-time.
  2. Message Receiving: Users must receive messages instantly or with minimal delay.
  3. **Messa...
Capacity Estimation

Assuming Walmart has approximately 250 million active users, and each user sends an average of 10 messages per day:

  • Total messages per day = 250 million users * 10 messages/user = 2.5 billion messag...

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