Design a real-time Messaging System

Last updated: May 2, 2026

Quick Overview

Design a real-time messaging system handling millions of requests. Discuss consistency, availability, and performance trade-offs.

Walmart
System Design
Software Engineer
Walmart
May 2, 2026
Software Engineer
System Design Round
System Design
Easy

707

3

3,100 solved


Design a real-time messaging system handling millions of requests. Discuss consistency, availability, and performance trade-offs.

How to Approach This
  1. Start by clarifying functional and non-functional requirements with the interviewer.
  2. Estimate the scale: QPS, storage, bandwidth. This drives your design decisions.
  3. Draw a high-level architecture first, then deep dive into 1-2 critical components.
  4. Discuss trade-offs explicitly (e.g., consistency vs availability, SQL vs NoSQL).
  5. Address failure scenarios, monitoring, and how the system handles 10x traffic spikes.
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Sample Answer
Requirements

Functional Requirements:

  1. Real-time messaging: Users should be able to send and receive messages instantly.
  2. Group messaging: Support for group chats and channels.
  3. User presence...
Capacity Estimation

Assuming Walmart has around 300 million active users:

  1. Daily Active Users (DAU): 10% of active users = 30 million.
  2. Peak Concurrent Users: Assume 10% of DAU = 3 million users online at pea...

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