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System requirements
Functional:
List functional requirements for the system (Ask the chat bot for hints if stuck.)...
1) URL shorting
2) URL Redirects
Non-Functional:
List non-functional requirements for the system...
1) low latency
2) Scalable
3) Consistency
Capacity estimation
Estimate the scale of the system you are going to design...
200 write qps
20000 read qps
the ratio is 1:5
Data storage
long url :100 byte
short url: 8 byte
created_at time : 8 byte
user_id: 20 byte
expiration_time 8 byte
144 byte per entry for simplicity it could be around 256 byte
Daily Data Generation
if you assume you handle 200 requests per second to create new short URLs, and considering that there are 86,400 seconds in a day, the total data generated daily would be:
- 200 requests/second * 86,400 seconds/day * 256 bytes = 4.4 GB/day.
- Long-term Data Growth:
- If this pattern continues, over five years, the total data generated might be approximately 8 TB or more, considering growth, yielding about 15 TB of total data including some buffer.
API design
Define what APIs are expected from the system...
There are two api
1) shorten url
method post
end point :/tinyurl/shorten
request :
{
"user_id":"",
"long_url":""
}
response :
{
"short_url:"",
"expiry_time:""
}
Database design
Defining the system data model early on will clarify how data will flow among different components of the system. Also you could draw an ER diagram using the diagramming tool to enhance your design...
We only need one time table for this that url_mapping
user_id : varchar
long_url : varchar
created_at : timestamp
expiry : timestamp
short_url : varchar
High-level design
You should identify enough components that are needed to solve the actual problem from end to end. Also remember to draw a block diagram using the diagramming tool to augment your design. If you are unfamiliar with the tool, you can simply describe your design to the chat bot and ask it to generate a starter diagram for you to modify...
1. Architecture Components
- Client: The front-end interface (web, mobile) through which users will interact with the service (e.g., input long URLs and receive short URLs).
- API Gateway: This acts as the gateway to the service, managing client requests, security (HTTPS), and load balancing among various service components.
- Shortening Service: Responsible for generating a short URL from a given long URL. It will handle the logic for creating unique keys and storing them in the database.
- Mapping Service: This service handles the redirection requests when a user requests access to a short URL, fetching the corresponding long URL from storage.
- Database: Stores the mappings between short URLs and long URLs, along with additional metadata like creation times and user information.
- Cache: Used to cache short URL to long URL mappings for rapid access and to reduce load on the database.
- Analytics Service (Optional): Gathers usage data to provide insights about clicks on short URLs (e.g., total redirects, geographic distribution).
2. High-Level Request Flow
To illustrate the interactions between these components, here’s a high-level flowchart representing the typical request flow:
Enter long URL
Forward to create short URL
Generate and store mapping
Store result
Return short URL
Respond with short URL
Request short URL redirect
Forward redirect request
Check Cache
If cache hit
If cache miss
Fetch from DB
Return long URL
Return long URL
Redirect to long URL
Client Application
API Gateway
Shortening Service
Database
Mapping Service
Cache
Return long URL
3. Design Considerations
- Load Balancing: The API Gateway will balance requests between multiple instances of the Shortening and Mapping Services to manage load effectively.
- Caching Strategy: Implement a caching layer (like Redis) to store frequent mappings, which will drastically reduce the number of database accesses, especially under high load.
- Fault Tolerance: Deploy multiple instances of core services to ensure no single point of failure. Use health checks for monitoring the performance and quality of services.
- Scalability: Every component should be designed to scale horizontally to handle an increase in traffic. This might include the use of container orchestration services like Kubernetes.
- Security Measures: Implement proper security practices, such as input validation to prevent injection attacks and using HTTPS for secure communications.
4. Future Enhancements
- Custom URL Options: Allow users to request custom short URLs.
- Advanced Analytics: Develop an analytics dashboard for users to see click rates, demographics of users, and other related data.
- User Accounts: Implement user account management to help users keep track of their shortened URLs and the associated metrics.
This high-level design forms the backbone of a robust, scalable, and user-friendly URL shortening service. If you need further explanations or details about any specific component, feel free to ask!
request flow diagram
Let's create a request flow diagram that visually represents the interaction between different components in the URL shortening service. This diagram will illustrate how requests pass through the system for both shortening a URL and redirecting to a long URL.
Request Flow Diagram
Enter long URL
Request to create short URL
Generate short URL
Store mapping
Return short URL
Respond with short URL
Request to redirect short URL
Forward redirect request
Check Cache
Cache hit
Cache miss
Fetch from DB
Return long URL
Return long URL
Redirect to long URL
Client Application
API Gateway
Shortening Service
Database
Mapping Service
Cache
Return long URL
Explanation of the Flow
- Creating a Short URL:
- The Client Application sends a request with a long URL to the API Gateway.
- The API Gateway forwards this request to the Shortening Service.
- The Shortening Service generates a short URL and stores the mapping in the Database.
- Once the mapping is created, it returns the short URL to the API Gateway, which then responds to the Client with the newly created short URL.
- Redirecting to a Long URL:
- When a user tries to access a short URL, the Client sends this request to the API Gateway.
- The API Gateway forwards the redirect request to the Mapping Service.
- The Mapping Service first checks the Cache for the long URL associated with the short URL.
- If the Cache has the mapping (Cache hit), it returns the long URL directly.
- If the Cache misses, it queries the Database for the mapping.
- After fetching the long URL from the Database, it returns that URL back to the API Gateway.
- Finally, the API Gateway redirects the Client to the long URL.
This diagram visually and logically lays out how requests are processed within the URL shortening service. Would you like to explore any specific part of this flow further?
Request flows
Explain how the request flows from end to end in your high level design. Also you could draw a sequence diagram usiHigh-level design
You should identify enough components that are needed to solve the actual problem from end to end. Also remember to draw a block diagram using the diagramming tool to augment your design. If you are unfamiliar with the tool, you can simply describe your design to the chat bot and ask it to generate a starter diagram for you to modify...
1. Architecture Components
- Client: The front-end interface (web, mobile) through which users will interact with the service (e.g., input long URLs and receive short URLs).
- API Gateway: This acts as the gateway to the service, managing client requests, security (HTTPS), and load balancing among various service components.
- Shortening Service: Responsible for generating a short URL from a given long URL. It will handle the logic for creating unique keys and storing them in the database.
- Mapping Service: This service handles the redirection requests when a user requests access to a short URL, fetching the corresponding long URL from storage.
- Database: Stores the mappings between short URLs and long URLs, along with additional metadata like creation times and user information.
- Cache: Used to cache short URL to long URL mappings for rapid access and to reduce load on the database.
- Analytics Service (Optional): Gathers usage data to provide insights about clicks on short URLs (e.g., total redirects, geographic distribution).
2. High-Level Request Flow
To illustrate the interactions between these components, here’s a high-level flowchart representing the typical request flow:
Enter long URL
Forward to create short URL
Generate and store mapping
Store result
Return short URL
Respond with short URL
Request short URL redirect
Forward redirect request
Check Cache
If cache hit
If cache miss
Fetch from DB
Return long URL
Return long URL
Redirect to long URL
Client Application
API Gateway
Shortening Service
Database
Mapping Service
Cache
Return long URL
3. Design Considerations
- Load Balancing: The API Gateway will balance requests between multiple instances of the Shortening and Mapping Services to manage load effectively.
- Caching Strategy: Implement a caching layer (like Redis) to store frequent mappings, which will drastically reduce the number of database accesses, especially under high load.
- Fault Tolerance: Deploy multiple instances of core services to ensure no single point of failure. Use health checks for monitoring the performance and quality of services.
- Scalability: Every component should be designed to scale horizontally to handle an increase in traffic. This might include the use of container orchestration services like Kubernetes.
- Security Measures: Implement proper security practices, such as input validation to prevent injection attacks and using HTTPS for secure communications.
4. Future Enhancements
- Custom URL Options: Allow users to request custom short URLs.
- Advanced Analytics: Develop an analytics dashboard for users to see click rates, demographics of users, and other related data.
- User Accounts: Implement user account management to help users keep track of their shortened URLs and the associated metrics.
This high-level design forms the backbone of a robust, scalable, and user-friendly URL shortening service. If you need further explanations or details about any specific component, feel free to ask!
request flow diagram
Let's create a request flow diagram that visually represents the interaction between different components in the URL shortening service. This diagram will illustrate how requests pass through the system for both shortening a URL and redirecting to a long URL.
Request Flow Diagram
Enter long URL
Request to create short URL
Generate short URL
Store mapping
Return short URL
Respond with short URL
Request to redirect short URL
Forward redirect request
Check Cache
Cache hit
Cache miss
Fetch from DB
Return long URL
Return long URL
Redirect to long URL
Client Application
API Gateway
Shortening Service
Database
Mapping Service
Cache
Return long URL
Explanation of the Flow
- Creating a Short URL:
- The Client Application sends a request with a long URL to the API Gateway.
- The API Gateway forwards this request to the Shortening Service.
- The Shortening Service generates a short URL and stores the mapping in the Database.
- Once the mapping is created, it returns the short URL to the API Gateway, which then responds to the Client with the newly created short URL.
- Redirecting to a Long URL:
- When a user tries to access a short URL, the Client sends this request to the API Gateway.
- The API Gateway forwards the redirect request to the Mapping Service.
- The Mapping Service first checks the Cache for the long URL associated with the short URL.
- If the Cache has the mapping (Cache hit), it returns the long URL directly.
- If the Cache misses, it queries the Database for the mapping.
- After fetching the long URL from the Database, it returns that URL back to the API Gateway.
- Finally, the API Gateway redirects the Client to the long URL.
This diagram visually and logically lays out how requests are processed within the URL shortening service. Would you like to explore any specific part of this flow further?
Detailed component design
Dig deeper into 2-3 components and explain in detail how they work. For example, how well does each component scale? Any relevant algorithm or data structure you like to use for a component? Also you could draw a diagram using the diagramming tool to enhance your design...
High-level design
You should identify enough components that are needed to solve the actual problem from end to end. Also remember to draw a block diagram using the diagramming tool to augment your design. If you are unfamiliar with the tool, you can simply describe your design to the chat bot and ask it to generate a starter diagram for you to modify...
1. Architecture Components
- Client: The front-end interface (web, mobile) through which users will interact with the service (e.g., input long URLs and receive short URLs).
- API Gateway: This acts as the gateway to the service, managing client requests, security (HTTPS), and load balancing among various service components.
- Shortening Service: Responsible for generating a short URL from a given long URL. It will handle the logic for creating unique keys and storing them in the database.
- Mapping Service: This service handles the redirection requests when a user requests access to a short URL, fetching the corresponding long URL from storage.
- Database: Stores the mappings between short URLs and long URLs, along with additional metadata like creation times and user information.
- Cache: Used to cache short URL to long URL mappings for rapid access and to reduce load on the database.
- Analytics Service (Optional): Gathers usage data to provide insights about clicks on short URLs (e.g., total redirects, geographic distribution).
2. High-Level Request Flow
To illustrate the interactions between these components, here’s a high-level flowchart representing the typical request flow:
Enter long URL
Forward to create short URL
Generate and store mapping
Store result
Return short URL
Respond with short URL
Request short URL redirect
Forward redirect request
Check Cache
If cache hit
If cache miss
Fetch from DB
Return long URL
Return long URL
Redirect to long URL
Client Application
API Gateway
Shortening Service
Database
Mapping Service
Cache
Return long URL
3. Design Considerations
- Load Balancing: The API Gateway will balance requests between multiple instances of the Shortening and Mapping Services to manage load effectively.
- Caching Strategy: Implement a caching layer (like Redis) to store frequent mappings, which will drastically reduce the number of database accesses, especially under high load.
- Fault Tolerance: Deploy multiple instances of core services to ensure no single point of failure. Use health checks for monitoring the performance and quality of services.
- Scalability: Every component should be designed to scale horizontally to handle an increase in traffic. This might include the use of container orchestration services like Kubernetes.
- Security Measures: Implement proper security practices, such as input validation to prevent injection attacks and using HTTPS for secure communications.
4. Future Enhancements
- Custom URL Options: Allow users to request custom short URLs.
- Advanced Analytics: Develop an analytics dashboard for users to see click rates, demographics of users, and other related data.
- User Accounts: Implement user account management to help users keep track of their shortened URLs and the associated metrics.
This high-level design forms the backbone of a robust, scalable, and user-friendly URL shortening service. If you need further explanations or details about any specific component, feel free to ask!
request flow diagram
Let's create a request flow diagram that visually represents the interaction between different components in the URL shortening service. This diagram will illustrate how requests pass through the system for both shortening a URL and redirecting to a long URL.
Request Flow Diagram
Enter long URL
Request to create short URL
Generate short URL
Store mapping
Return short URL
Respond with short URL
Request to redirect short URL
Forward redirect request
Check Cache
Cache hit
Cache miss
Fetch from DB
Return long URL
Return long URL
Redirect to long URL
Client Application
API Gateway
Shortening Service
Database
Mapping Service
Cache
Return long URL
Explanation of the Flow
- Creating a Short URL:
- The Client Application sends a request with a long URL to the API Gateway.
- The API Gateway forwards this request to the Shortening Service.
- The Shortening Service generates a short URL and stores the mapping in the Database.
- Once the mapping is created, it returns the short URL to the API Gateway, which then responds to the Client with the newly created short URL.
- Redirecting to a Long URL:
- When a user tries to access a short URL, the Client sends this request to the API Gateway.
- The API Gateway forwards the redirect request to the Mapping Service.
- The Mapping Service first checks the Cache for the long URL associated with the short URL.
- If the Cache has the mapping (Cache hit), it returns the long URL directly.
- If the Cache misses, it queries the Database for the mapping.
- After fetching the long URL from the Database, it returns that URL back to the API Gateway.
- Finally, the API Gateway redirects the Client to the long URL.
This diagram visually and logically lays out how requests are processed within the URL shortening service. Would you like to explore any specific part of this flow further?
Trade offs/Tech choices
prioritizing read over write .
Failure scenarios/bottlenecks
Try to discuss as many failure scenarios/bottlenecks as possible.
Future improvements
What are some future improvements you would make? How would you mitigate the failure scenario(s) you described above?