1class Animal:
2    pass
3
4class Mammal(Animal):
5    pass
6
7class Dog(Mammal):
8    pass
9
10print(Dog.__bases__)     # (<class '__main__.Mammal'>,)
11print(Mammal.__bases__)  # (<class '__main__.Animal'>,)
12print(Animal.__bases__)  # (<class 'object'>,)

1class Flyable:
2    pass
3
4class Swimmable:
5    pass
6
7class Duck(Flyable, Swimmable):
8    pass
9
10print(Duck.__bases__)  # (<class '__main__.Flyable'>, <class '__main__.Swimmable'>)

1class A:
2    pass
3
4class B(A):
5    pass
6
7class C(A):
8    pass
9
10class D(B, C):
11    pass
12
13print(D.__mro__)
14# (<class 'D'>, <class 'B'>, <class 'C'>, <class 'A'>, <class 'object'>)
15
16# Also available as a method:
17print(D.mro())
18# [<class 'D'>, <class 'B'>, <class 'C'>, <class 'A'>, <class 'object'>]

1import inspect
2
3class Base:
4    pass
5
6class Middle(Base):
7    pass
8
9class Child(Middle):
10    pass
11
12parents = inspect.getmro(Child)
13print(parents)
14# (<class 'Child'>, <class 'Middle'>, <class 'Base'>, <class 'object'>)
15
16# Get just the parent names
17parent_names = [cls.__name__ for cls in inspect.getmro(Child)]
18print(parent_names)  # ['Child', 'Middle', 'Base', 'object']

1class Vehicle:
2    pass
3
4class Car(Vehicle):
5    pass
6
7class ElectricCar(Car):
8    pass
9
10# issubclass checks the entire inheritance chain
11print(issubclass(ElectricCar, Vehicle))  # True
12print(issubclass(ElectricCar, Car))      # True
13print(issubclass(Car, ElectricCar))      # False, direction matters
14
15# isinstance checks if an object is an instance of a class or its parents
16my_car = ElectricCar()
17print(isinstance(my_car, Vehicle))       # True
18print(isinstance(my_car, Car))           # True
19print(isinstance(my_car, ElectricCar))   # True

1import inspect
2
3class Base:
4    def base_method(self):
5        pass
6
7class Mixin:
8    def mixin_method(self):
9        pass
10
11class Child(Base, Mixin):
12    def child_method(self):
13        pass
14
15# Get all methods, including inherited ones
16all_methods = inspect.getmembers(Child, predicate=inspect.isfunction)
17print([name for name, _ in all_methods])
18# ['base_method', 'child_method', 'mixin_method']
19
20# Find which class defines each method
21for name, method in all_methods:
22    for cls in inspect.getmro(Child):
23        if name in cls.__dict__:
24            print(f"{name} defined in {cls.__name__}")
25            break
26# base_method defined in Base
27# child_method defined in Child
28# mixin_method defined in Mixin

1def print_class_tree(cls, indent=0):
2    """Print the inheritance tree of a class."""
3    print("  " * indent + cls.__name__)
4    for base in cls.__bases__:
5        if base is not object:
6            print_class_tree(base, indent + 1)
7
8class A: pass
9class B(A): pass
10class C(A): pass
11class D(B, C): pass
12
13print_class_tree(D)
14# D
15#   B
16#     A
17#   C
18#     A

1class A:
2    def greet(self):
3        print("A")
4
5class B(A):
6    def greet(self):
7        print("B")
8        super().greet()
9
10class C(A):
11    def greet(self):
12        print("C")
13        super().greet()
14
15class D(B, C):
16    def greet(self):
17        print("D")
18        super().greet()
19
20D().greet()
21# D
22# B
23# C
24# A
25# super() follows __mro__: D → B → C → A